Gaming Review

  Epilepsy Surgery *** Relevant Background: " Epilepsy surgery  involves a  neurosurgical  procedure where an area of the  brain  involved in  seizures  is either resected, disconnected or stimulated.. The evaluation for epilepsy surgery is designed to locate the "epileptic focus" (the location of the epileptic abnormality) and to determine if resective surgery will affect normal brain function. The definition of the epileptogenic zone has a fundamental role in determining the boundaries of the area that needs to be removed in order to achieve seizure freedom but also in order not to harm “eloquent cortex” (damage to this area produces neurological deficit). As the localization technology has improved, the definition of the epileptogenic zone has expanded to comprise a larger area of the brain than before. [4]   Resective surgery involves the resection, or cutting away, of brain tissue from the area of the brain that consists of the epilepti...

Skin Surgery ********************************************************************** Relevant Background: " Plastic surgery  is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories:  reconstructive surgery  and  cosmetic surgery .   Reconstructive surgery  includes  craniofacial surgery ,  hand surgery ,  microsurgery , and the treatment of  burns . While reconstructive surgery aims to reconstruct a part of the body or improve its functioning, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery aims at improving the appearance of it. [1] [2]  Both of these techniques are used throughout the world... Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by   American Board of Plastic Surgery . [18]   Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:... Aesthetic surgery is a central component...

  Pacemaker Surgery *********************************************************** Relevant Background: " A cardiac   pacemaker   (or   artificial pacemaker , so as not to be confused with the   natural pacemaker   of the   heart ), is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by   electrodes   to cause the heart muscle chambers (the upper, or   atria   and/or the lower, or   ventricles ) to contract and therefore pump blood; by doing so this device replaces and/or regulates the function of the   electrical conduction system of the heart .... The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate   heart rate , either because the heart's natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or because there is a   block   in the heart's electrical conduction system. Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow a cardiologist, particularly a   cardiac electrophysiologist   to sel...

  Ear Surgery ************************************************* Relevant Background: " A   cochlear implant   ( CI ) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device to provide a person with moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss a modified sense of sound. CI bypasses the normal acoustic hearing process to replace it with electric signals which directly stimulate the auditory nerve. A person with a cochlear implant receiving intensive auditory training may learn to interpret those signals as sound and speech. However, one third of deaf children do not develop language if they are on a CI program alone and have no sign language input.  The implant has two main components. The outside component is generally worn behind the ear, but could also be attached to clothing, for example, in young children. This component, the sound processor, contains microphones, electronics that include   digital signal processor   (DSP) chips, battery, and a coil which t...

Scoliosis Surgery ******************************************************** Relevant Background:   Scoliosis   is a medical condition in which a person's   spine   has a sideways curve. [2]   The curve is usually "S"- or "C"-shaped over three dimensions. [2] [6]   In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. [3]   Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect breathing and movement. [3] [7]   Pain is usually present in adults, and can worsen with age. .. The cause of most cases is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of   genetic   and   environmental factors . [3]   Risk factors include other affected family members. [2]   It can also occur due to another condition such as   muscle spasms ,   cerebral palsy ,   Marfan syndrome , and tumors such as   neurofibromatosis . [2]   Diagnosis is confirmed with   X...

Stomach Surgery ***************************************************************** Relevant Background: " Laparoscopy  ... is an operation performed in the   abdomen   or   pelvis   using small   incisions   (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen. .. Laparoscopic surgery, also called   minimally invasive surgery   (MIS),   bandaid surgery , or   keyhole surgery , is a modern   surgical   technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus the more common, open procedure. These include reduced pain due to smaller incisions, reduced   hemorrhaging   and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a   laparoscope , a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily access...